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比利时温血马 Belgian Warmblood


时间: 2013-08-19 18:32:24     来源: 马集网

 

 


        比利时温血马(Belgian Warmblood)是一种温血马的类型,血统主要注册在Belgisch Warmbloed Paard vzw (Belgian Warmblood Studbook (BWP)SBS血统簿。比利时温血马繁育的主要目标针对于表演跳跃、盛装舞步比赛、主观指令的正确反应和健康。


历史

在荷兰、德国和法国,马匹繁育生产优雅的骑乘马已经持续了几百年。然而,由于比利时政府对Brabant(比利时驮马)的血统保护,一直到20世纪50年代,政府才允许繁育更轻型的骑乘马。十三世纪以来,比利时就是一个重要的重型马产地。当时,比利时重型马(Belgian Draft Horse)深受欧洲各国的喜爱,常常出口到其他国家,或在其他国家繁殖。比利时政府为了保护这些独特品种的血统,一直禁止比利时的培育者繁殖运动型的温血马。

比利时温血马的基础血统包括来自法国和荷兰的障碍马,以及来自德国的汉诺威(Hanoverians)和Holsteiners这两种品种。通过选择血统证书,比利时的育种者可以直接繁育自己定向选择的目标。

1953年第一次比利时骑乘马的种马秀是非法的,BWP始建于1955年。由于没有本地的骑乘马和多种用途的重型温血,比利时的育种者进口了一些种公马和母马。在过去的50年中,BWP累计的基础母马超过3500匹母系,并且培育出数量显著的国际品质的障碍马。2010年,BWP的马匹在FEI/WBFSH国际障碍表演的榜单上排名第四,低于KWPN-Dutch(荷兰温血马),Selle Francais(塞莱法兰西马)和Holsteiner血统的马。



品种特征


        作为一种温血马,比利时温血的特点是皮毛颜色不统一于外观或谱系图,而是统一于繁育目的。向其他温血马一样,比利时温血马的繁育经过严格的血统正书的挑选。

最可靠的辨识比利时温血马的方式是左侧大腿上的烙印。比利时温血马在马驹的时候会接受马具检查,如果没有明显缺陷获得了护照就会被烙印。

       比利时温血马协会每年都会组织一些活动。其中,比利时种马筛选马展就是最为重要和国际化的活动之一。比利时温血种马会被一个审核团测试授予"Hengstenkeuring"或种马许可。这种许可测试由兽医检查,主观评价种马的结构,没有骑手骑乘的跳跃能力和鞍下的素质评价。测试中没有达到所需能力的种马不能得到血统证书。要保留持有血统证书的状态,种马必须参加比赛,年轻的表演跳跃的马被称作“Classic Cycle”。基础母马参加一些类似结构的评估和作为母马素质判断的选修。


在第一阶段,参加筛选的34岁的比利时温血马种马首先要经过兽医的检查,接受医学建议。每年一月,第二阶段就开始了,为时三天的马展会吸引众多世界各地的参观者。同时,比利时温血马的裁判会对各个种马的身体构架、无驾驭障碍跳跃能力和驾驭障碍跳跃能力进行打分。通过这一轮测试的种马可以进入下一阶段的角逐。穿插在第二阶段的另一项重要活动便是比利时种马拍卖会,不管种马是否通过测试,它都可以进行拍卖。比利时种马筛选马展的第三阶段于三月举行,通过该阶段骑乘测试的马匹将成为比利时温血马协会认证的育种种马,可以拥有登记在血统簿上的资格。如果想保持自己在血统簿上的记录,种马们必须继续参与名为"Classic Cycle"的年轻马匹障碍赛角逐。

此外,比利时温血马培育者们立志要除去马匹的骨软骨炎综合症。因此,马匹会接受一系列的X光检查,包括马蹄、球节、膝盖、跗关节和后膝关节等等部位的检查,只有通过检查,马匹才会成为合格的种马。然而,即使通过医学检测的马匹,日后一旦表露出丝毫的骨骼问题,它都将失去成为种马的资格。

除了种马,繁殖母马在育种方面也起到了至关重要的作用。因此,每年也会举办各种地区和国家级别的繁殖母马竞赛。这些比赛,除了测试马匹的身体构架和步态之外,还有另外的两个目的:其一,它为育马者比较同龄的繁殖母马提供了平台;其二,比利时温血马协会可以借此机会了解繁殖母马的整体情况。通过不同的测试,繁殖母马可以得到不同的认证,包括身体构架认证(E-Label)、竞技认证(P-Label)以及健康认证(G-Label),同时通过这三种认证的繁殖母马才会成为比利时合格的繁殖母马。


        已经公布的比利时温血马育种目标:一种高贵现代并体型恰当的温血马,长方形骨架,da的轮廓线条和良好的基本步伐。这种马被骑乘的时候是愉快的,有一个无可非议的好性格,因此,它可以被任何骑手骑乘,无论作为愉悦的马还是性能层面都是国际级别的。在结构、性能、健康上非常平衡。


        比利时温血公马的理想尺寸是肩高在16-17手宽之间。作为繁育的母马必须超过15.1手宽。比利时温血的外观更像Holsteiner, Selle Francais(塞莱法兰西), Dutch Warmblood(荷兰温血)和 Hanoverian(汉诺威), 比较少的像 Trakehner马。


        BWP并没有任何法规禁止某些毛色的马,但是,最常见的毛色是栗色chestnut ("vos"), bay ("bruin"),棕色 brown ("zwartbruin"),黑色 black ("zwart"), 和灰色 grey ("schimmel")。身份文件上"donker"是指深色,"licht"指浅色,"schimmel"修饰语通常表示马出生时的颜色。还有一种有tobiano的图案斑非常罕见。


        比利时温血马非常独特的情况是没有土著的温血作为基础母马。比利时为学马有181匹批准的公马名单,其中一半是他们自行繁育的比利时温血马,生下的一般主要是Holsteiners马,塞莱法兰西马,荷兰温血马或汉诺威马;还有一些屈指可数的Oldenburg(奥尔登堡马),纯血马,Westphalian,比利时运动马,Rhinelander兰得种马。


用途



        BWP是为特殊目的繁育的马,比利时温血最出名的是他们的跳跃能力。奥林匹克障碍表演中BWP品牌的马包括了1984年的Big Ben1992年的Darco1992Egano1992Jus De Pomme1996Joli 凑二,2008Sapphire


        在过去20年中,研究表明比利时温血马继承的障碍能力比舞步的步伐质量更高。比利时马匹育种者通过几代的繁育可以稳定的生产出跳跃能力卓越的品种。以目标为导向繁育的BWP从第一天开始,就为跳跃繁育马匹。


        受法国马的影响,比利时温血马被赋予了赛事中及强的竞争能力。1992年奥运会冠军Britt就是一匹比利时温血。在2006FEI所有科目的成绩中,比利时温血排名第15位。比利时温血马也越来越多的出现在盛装舞步比赛中。FEI和世界体育马余种协会在2006年的排名中比利时温血马排第11位。在北美,比利时温血马还被用做捕猎表演中。


医疗问题


        BWP从温血马的族群中根除软骨炎(OCO)的先进理念很知名。作为审核过程的一部分,种马进行X光照相球节、膝盖、飞节和膝关节,如果有可能不健全的马都不允许用做繁殖。另外,任何种马,只要有迹象表明他的后代携带任何遗传疾病,他们都将禁止繁育。


比利时运动马

        由于比利时文化的差异,在比利时有两个独立的温血马育种协会。比利时运动马的地理位置不同于比利时温血马的位置:在比利时北部育种者通常在BWP注册,而在南部在sBs注册。sBs成立玉1920年,主要繁育比利时军队的战马,那个时期的军用马主要从法国进口。二战以后,开始为体育运动繁育一些马匹。1967年,成功更名为“比利时皇家体育马协会”,他们的血统证书是sBs.




Belgian Warmblood




Belgian Warmblood is a warmblood type of horse registered with the Belgisch Warmbloed Paard vzw (Belgian Warmblood Studbook (BWP)) or Studbook sBs. The traits given the greatest importance in the breeding aim of the Belgian Warmblood are performance in show jumping and dressage, as well as subjective conformational correctness and robust health.[1]

History

Horse breeders in the NetherlandsGermany, and France had been producing elegant saddle horses for hundreds of years. However, because the Belgian government was concerned about protecting the bloodlines of the Brabant (Belgian draft horse), it wasn't until the 1950s that breeders in Belgium were allowed to breed lighter saddle horses.[2]

The foundation stock of the Belgian Warmblood included jumping horses from France and the Netherlands, as well as Hanoverians andHolsteiners from Germany. Through studbook selection, Belgian breeders were able to direct breeding towards their own goals.

The first stallion show for riding horses in Belgium took place, illegally, in 1953; the BWP was founded in 1955. Without native riding horses or all-purpose heavy warmbloods, Belgian breeders had to import stallions and mares. Over the course of 50 years, the BWP accrued a mare base of over 3,500 broodmares and produced a significant number of international-quality show jumpers. In 2010, the BWP was ranked 4th in the FEI/WBFSH International Show Jumping standings, below only the KWPN-Dutch Warmblood, Selle Francais and Holsteiner studbooks.[3]

Breed characteristics

As a warmblood horse, the Belgian Warmblood is characterized not by uniformity of coat color, appearance or pedigree chart, but by uniformity of purpose. Like other warmbloods, Belgian Warmblood breeding horses are subjected to rigorous studbook selection.

The studbook brand, which features a "pinwheel" of horse heads, is given to all Belgian Warmbloods

The most reliable way to positively identify a Belgian Warmblood is by the brand on the left thigh. Belgian Warmblood foals receive this brand during their foal inspection, when they are given a passport and deemed free of obvious defects.

Between the ages of three and four years old, Belgian Warmblood stallions are presented to a jury in a "Hengstenkeuring" or stallion licensing test. The licensing test consists of a veterinary inspection, subjective evaluation of the stallion's conformation and jumping ability without a rider, and evaluation of the stallion's qualities under saddle. Stallions that do not achieve the desired marks in the licensing test are not eligible for the studbook. To retain status in the studbook, stallions must participate in competitions for young show jumping horses called the "Classic Cycle."[1] Mares take part in similar conformational evaluations, however judgement of a mare's qualities as a riding horse are elective.

The published breeding aim for the Belgian Warmblood reads as follows:

"A noble modern and correctly-built warmblood horse with a rectangular frame, big outlines and good basic paces. The horse should be pleasant to ride and have an unobjectionable character, so that it can be used by any rider, both as pleasure horse and as a performance horse on national and international level. There has to be a balance between conformation, performance and health."[1]

Belgian Warmbloods range in size and substance, but the ideal size for a stallion is between 16 and 17 hands high at the withersMares are not eligible for breeding rights unless they exceed 15.1 hands high.[4] In type, the Belgian Warmblood is similar to the HolsteinerSelle FrancaisDutch Warmblood, and Hanoverian, and less like the Trakehner.

The BWP does not hold any regulations barring horses of certain coat colors; however, the most common coat colors are chestnut ("vos"), bay ("bruin"), brown ("zwartbruin"), black("zwart"), and grey ("schimmel"). The modifier "donker" means a dark shade, "licht" means light. Modifiers on "schimmel" often indicate the horse's color at birth, for example "bruinschimmel" means a grey born bay. There are also tobiano patterned pinto ("bont") Belgian Warmbloods, though they are uncommon.

Belgian Warmbloods present a unique case in that there is no indigenous warmblood mare base. Of the 181 approved stallions listed, half were themselves Belgian Warmbloods. The remaining half were primarily HolsteinersSelle FrancaisDutch Warmblood, or Hanoverian; there were a handful of OldenburgThoroughbredWestphalianBelgian Sport Horse andRhinelander stallions as well.

Of the Belgian stallions, about a quarter had a Belgian sire. Another quarter had a Selle Francais sire, while a further 42% had Dutch, Holsteiner, or Hanoverian sires. The remaining sires were Westphalian, Rhinelander, Swedish, Belgian Sport Horse, Oldenburg, or Thoroughbred.

Uses

Denis Lynch and Nabab’s Son, Dublin Horse Show 2008

The slogan of the BWP is "Bred to perform," which accurately describes the aim of the registry. Belgian Warmbloods are best known for their jumping abilities. Olympic show jumpers with the BWP brand include Big Ben (1984), Darco (1992), Egano (1992), Jus De Pomme (1992), Joli Couer (1996), Sapphire (2008).

Over the past 20 years, research has supported observations regarding the high heritability of jumping ability compared with that of dressage-quality gaits.[5] Therefore, horse breeders may reliably produce exceptional jumpers in few generations, which is exactly what occurred in Belgium. The aim of the BWP has been, from day one, "'always jumping horses'".[2]

The influence of French horses has also given the Belgian Warmblood the ability to be competitive in eventingBritt was a Belgian WarmbloodOlympian in eventing in 1992. In 2006 the studbook as a whole was ranked 15th in eventing by FEI results.

Belgian Warmbloods also appear increasingly in dressage. The FEI and World Breeding Federation for Sport Horses ranked them 11th in 2006. There are strong numbers of Belgian Warmblood show hunters in North America, though their suitability for it depends very much on the individual horse.

Medical issues

The BWP is known for its progressive attitude towards eradicating osteochondritis (OCD) from their population. Stallions undergo radiographing of the feetfetlockskneeshocks, andstifles as a part of the approval process, and are not permitted to breed if they may become unsound. Furthermore, any stallion that later showed signs - through his offspring or otherwise - of carrying a genetic disorder would lose his breeding approval.

As a result, Belgian Warmbloods are not subject to the disorders that affect closed-studbook registries, and progress is being made to make Belgians Warmbloods - as other warmbloods - more sound than ever.

Belgian sport horse

The linguistic and cultural division of Belgium is reflected in the use of two separate warmblood breeding associations.[6] The Belgian Sport Horse differs from the Belgian Warmblood only by location: breeders in northern Belgium typically register with the BWP, while those in the southern part of the country registry with the sBs.[7] Studbook sBs was originally founded in 1920 as Societe d’Encourgement pour L’Elevage du Cheval d’Armes or "Society for the Encouragement of Breeding Army Horses," and produced cavalry horses and remounts for the Belgian army, which at the time were primarily imported from France.[8] Within 10 years, the use of cavalry horses had given way to demand for leisure horses, and the name of the registry was changed to Demi-Sang Belge or "Belgian Half-bred", reflecting the increased use of refined, Thoroughbred-influenced sires.[9] Following World War II, breeders imported substantial numbers of riding horses from France, as well as some from England, Ireland, Germany and the Netherlands. These horses were the foundation of sport horse breeding in the region. Success in breeding warranted another name change in 1967: the "Royal Belgian Sport Horse Society", better known as "Studbook sBs".[10]














关键词:比利时温血马 Belgian Warmblood 马集网 BWP 
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