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霍士丹马(Holsteiner horse)


时间: 2013-09-10 20:33:03     来源: 马集网

 

 

 

霍士丹是一种马的品种,原产于德国北部的Schleswig-Holstein地区。霍士丹被认为是最古老的温血马品种,可以追逆到13世纪。那时候霍士丹种群的数量并不庞大,霍士丹在国际上是障碍表演的顶梁柱,并且被出现现在高级别盛装舞步,综合驾驭,捕猎表演和一些赛事中。

 

品种特征

 

霍士丹马的肩高平均在1617手宽之间(6468英寸,163173厘米)。核准的种公马肩高至少要超过16手宽,基础母马超过15.22手宽(62英寸,157厘米)。霍士丹的可展现出运动骑乘马的类型或普遍外观。作为一个品种,霍士丹是众所周知的特点是拱形的高位置的脖子和强大的后驱。在过去的几个世纪,霍士丹保留了巴洛克马罗马鼻子的标志,但是今天他们被很多数量的小头部和聪明的眼睛取代,这些结构特点给予霍士丹良好的平衡和优雅的动作。

 

在机械化生产以前,霍士丹作为主力马被用在农业生产上,偶尔才会被骑乘。霍士丹马很独特,在全球化时代血统证书封闭精心保存。早期被保留下来的纯正血统的马都具有步态积极、脖子弯拱,和迷人的举止,以符合不断变化的市场需求的意愿来配种。高头跳跃和腿部的缺点都得到了纠正,种马一些基础的跳跃技术和结构都有所改善。过去的15年或20年已经看到了更加明显的符合审美情趣的改善。

 

最简单的确定霍士丹马的方式是看他们的左臀上品牌的烙印,马驹子可以检查他们的文件和护照。主要注册表以外的马驹也会被烙上其他的替代品牌。在大多数情况下,生活号码的最后两位数字是品牌的一部分。很多霍士丹公马的名字是CL打头。由于霍士丹家族被用来做其他品种跳障碍温血马的育种,所以很多非霍士丹的马也会有这种英文缩写。母马的名字是年份和IJ和年,QX没有被使用。例如2008年和1986年出生的母马名字开头都是字母A

 

步态

霍士丹通常有丰满大方又有弹性的步伐,这种步伐的动力来自臀部,并且有很自然的平衡。在移动的时候,霍士丹保留了他们祖先容易被驾驭的性格,并且步伐的衔接比其他温血更好。这个品种经常被认为是公认的专精于跳跃的能力,这意味着他们行走和小跑的质量也会受到影响。缩短跑是这个品种马最好的步态,典型的轻、柔软、平衡和动态。

 

跳跃

霍士丹马最大的强项是他们的跳跃能力。即使是平均值,霍士丹马通常也会表现出非常大力量和高度,以及正确的技术。他们的跳跃能力和力量继承自比较重的老霍士丹,但那些老缺乏细心、速度、机智、可调节性、平衡感和技术。繁育的过程中针对这些问题进行了刻意的改善,消除品种中的缺陷,使得霍士丹成为国际知名的奥运级别的障碍马品种。

 

颜色

 

霍士丹的地区和奥登堡(Aldenburg)、格罗宁(Groningen)和弗里斯兰(Friesland)产区很近,传统的霍士丹有深色的烙印。主要的颜色是黑色、深海湾色和棕色,也有一些比较清的栗色和灰色。有大白点斑纹和类似豹斑点的颜色被从注册表中排除。尽管也有很多帕洛米诺色和鹿皮色,这些颜色颜色并不被注册机构接受。

 

性情

 

无论是比较懒的霍士丹还是比较灵敏的霍士丹都有一种临危不乱的性情。业余爱好者可以找到简单、协作、稳定的霍士丹作为坐骑,专业人士烨可以找到大胆敏感的骑乘,霍士丹有一个完美的性情。许多霍士丹都有良好的平衡、强大的勇气,可靠大胆。

 

繁育历史

 

霍士丹品种的马在德国最北端的Schleswig-Holstein繁育了超过700年。这片海风吹拂的沿海湿地物种丰富土地潮湿,从1世纪以来,这里的气候和肥沃的沼泽地特别适合小马的成长。

 

Holstein地区首次有组织的养马在Uetersen修道院。僧侣通常是中世纪社会中最有文化的社会成员,准确的持续进行纪录依赖于他们。Uetersen修道院的僧侣们开始从一种叫Haseldorf沼泽马的一种当地小土马繁育发展出一种适合在战争时期骑乘并且符合苛刻农业环境的大马。

 

16世纪,霍士丹马有着非常显著的声誉,并且这个品种保持着高需求量一直到18世纪。由于骑士作战让位给骑兵,在战争中使用的马匹需要更多的耐力和敏捷。类似那个时期其他高品质的欧洲马,那不勒斯马和西班牙马,霍士丹显得很流行。虽然不是特别的高,他们有厚实的,高位的脖子,生气蓬勃的步态和罗马鼻子。西班牙国王菲利普二世定期购入霍士丹马来填充他在Cordoba的血统簿。宗教改革以后,繁育马匹不再是僧侣的责任,地方官员和农民个人也加入进来。早在1719年,政府对种马饲养最好的Holstein农民提供奖励。

符合资格的种公马要在415岁之间,15.2手宽以上,在过去的季节中繁育了超过15匹马驹。1735年购买了12匹黑色的霍士丹马被购买到Celle国家繁育基地,这些马成为汉诺威品种马的基础。

 

十九世纪

 

19世纪欧洲的养马业带来了一些变化:结构紧凑、并且力量强大的巴洛克式的马被敏捷的英国纯血马替代用作改善当地马品种的动物。道路的改善和机车的发展意味着四轮马车不再是必需品。因此,偏重于生产高雅、有吸引力的马车马匹。Cleveland Bay和他们有纯种血统注入的表兄弟,Yorkshirs Coach马一种从英国进口的改善了的霍士丹马,但这个品种人人保持了他们的性情。铁路的建设和修建更好的道路业影响到了养马业。在19世纪60年代,国有的种马场(Landgestüt)在Trabenthal建立了普鲁士血统簿由当局管理。Traventhal像其他的国家血统簿一样,提供了当地私人繁育的可承受价格获得的高品质的种马。公爵Augustenburg是特别有影响力的人物,他进口了非常好的纯血种马并鼓励当地的人使用他们。在1885年,Claus Hell Senior撰写了霍士丹马的育种目标:一种优雅的,力量强大的马车马,具有强壮的骨骼结构和身高,贴近地面的步伐,同事具备所有重型骑乘马应具备的素质。

 

霍士丹品种血统簿由经济顾问Georg Ahsbahs创立于1891年,五年内他帮助创立了Elmshorn 骑乘和驾驶学校。这就是今天的Verband,世界上第一家这样的学校。开始采用分配给每一个母系家族一个号码(stamm)的形式,并且允许跟踪这些女性家族的性能。这个组织精心的保护19世纪霍士丹的种公马,其中的一个代表就是Augustenburg公爵进口的纯血种公马他的一些后代成为现代的霍士丹马。

 

二十世纪

 

二十世纪初期霍士丹马的育种带来了显著的变化。第一次世界大战和第二次世界大战造成对拉火炮车的强有力的马匹需求增加。在1926年的霍士丹沼泽马繁育联合会让繁育者交出他们的种马到国家血统簿,再重新分配种马。这些种马很快就被归属于这个区域的另一个育种者协会,1935年这两个地区协会合并并创建了今天的霍士丹Verband协会(Holsteiner Verband)。

 

二战结束以后,基础母马的数量接近10000匹,11年以后,这个数字下降了三分之一。在十年中,农民们放弃了马匹繁育,国家血统管理部门Trabenthal也解散了。为了不让农业马匹品种灭绝,育种者联合会的董事局购买了30匹霍士丹种马和3匹纯血马,,并且彻底改变了育种方向。原来国家的种马现在由育种者协会拥有,这是德国温血马协会之间一个完全独特的安排。为了繁育出更新的霍士丹马,进口了一些纯血种马和法国种马。到1976年,很多顶级的霍士丹马是纯种或半纯种。这些新式的霍士丹马更灵活,更快,更高,有更好的跳跃技术。这些变化尤为重要,超过1520年来,使得骑乘运动脱离了男性专业人士和士兵的境界,成为妇女和小姑娘的一种主要休闲活动。为了满足这种新的市场需求,今天的霍士丹被繁育的更加易于骑乘,更漂亮,更优雅。

 

达到繁育目标的方法也发生了一些变化。在过去,种马被分配到种马站,使他们更加接近那些将受益于他们的母马。今天更多的繁育者使用人工授精,所以Verband繁育协会把他们的公马养在Elmshorn血统中心。不过,母马的拥有者,通常是一些小农民不能保证他们从繁育马匹中获得收益。

 

种公马的影响

 

温血马种,包括霍士丹马,都是为了满足市场需求繁育的模式,所以他们永远不会停滞不前。当他们需要敏捷的战马的时候,来自西班牙和那不勒斯的巴洛克马就被用上了;当华丽的马车马需求量大的时候,Yorkshire马车马贡献了他们的基因。第二次世界大战后,农用马让位给休闲骑乘马和运动马。在过去de一个世纪丽,霍士丹马的繁育者为了实现他们的繁育目标使用了纯血马(Thoroughbred)、盎格鲁阿拉伯马(Anglo-Arab)和盎格鲁诺曼(Anglo-Norman)种公。繁育者们的基础母马是重型温血的类型。他们冷静理智,具有极大的深度和广度,同事也非常的优雅,品质和积极的步态海适合拉车。那个年代的霍士丹缺乏盛装舞步比赛需要的弹性和运动能力,沉重、缓慢的离开地面越过过障碍,因此在这种影响下选择了一些比较有动力的血系进行抵消。

 

Ramzes AA(1937年至1965年)灰色的盎格鲁阿拉伯马,高度166cm (Rittersporn xx - Shagya X-3 - Bakszysz ox)

波兰繁殖。同类型结合的灰色种马,父亲是纯血马,母亲是Shagya系阿拉伯,是早年最重要的三个德国种马之一。1951年、1952年、1959年和1960年三个繁殖季,他被租借给Neuendorf国家血统簿。间歇,他被送往Westphalia,在那里他建立了父系血线,繁育了有影响力的盛装舞步种马,Rubinstein.在荷尔斯泰,Ramzes AA 繁育了国际跳跃水平的RetinaRamonaRomanus Vase生产了包括顶级种马MaurusMontreal还有所有Romanus姐妹的14匹马驹。

最重要的是Ramzes AA与他的配偶Raimond产下了被称为“世纪骏马”的种公马Ramiro

 

Anblick xx (1938年至1964年)深湾或棕色纯血马,高度161cm (Ferro xx - Herold xx - Nuage xx)

 

Graditz 国家血统簿繁育出的马匹。Anblick xx是第二次世界大战改进的第一个标杆父系。和他们的母系相比,他的后代骨架更轻,步伐格外的好,在跳跃围栏的游戏中更加大胆。Anblick留下了14匹获得核准的儿子和49匹温血母马。他最好的儿子Aldato,孕产妇母马的祖父是Landgraf。他还与AntoinetteVenetia配马,这两匹马都参加了奥运会的竞赛。

 

Cottage Son xx (1944年至1964年)黑色或褐色纯血马,164cm (Young Lover xx - Cottage xx - Speed xx)

 

英格兰培育。Cottage Romance代表大不列颠的种马,Cottage Son xx参加了1960年罗马奥运会。在那之前的一年,Cottage Son xx已经被送往Elmshorn与重型的霍士丹母马进行杂交。Traventhal国家血统簿被解散以后,样吗业处于停滞状态。作为一种升级程序,Cottage Son xx生产出了很多服从和忠诚性情的非常好的骑乘马。他的女儿们非常杰出,生产出了类似LordRamiro的马。他留下了53匹温血母马和14匹经过核准的儿子,其中最好的一匹是Consul。今天纯血马的血统通过母系持续的影响到他的曾孙Capitl I

 

Marlon xx(1958年到1981年)深鹿皮色 纯血马,164cm (Tamerlane xx - Fairford xx - Knight of the Garter xx)

 

爱尔兰育种。Marlon xx是结构正确步态好、硬朗、有竞争力和心理承受能力的一匹种马。他是一个特别好的三项赛的马匹,他在蒙特利尔奥运会上囊括了个人铜牌和团体银牌。他的祖父Persian Gulf xxPrecipitation xx是同父异母的兄弟,Furioso xx的后代。他的儿子Montevideo作为一员获得了1984年洛杉矶奥运会盛装舞步团体金牌。他留下了43匹国家级的优质温血母马和21匹被核准的儿子,其中包括荷兰的父系种马Kommandeur和丹麦父系种马Martell

 

Ladykiller xx (1961年至1979年)海湾色 纯血马,高度164cm (Sailing Light xx - Loaningdale xx - Apron xx)

 

英格兰培育。Ladykiller xx 是一匹强壮有力的、有阳刚之气的、引人注目的、正确的、被认为非常有吸引力的马,有一颗优质的头。作为一匹公马,他的优秀不仅在于他英俊的相貌,步态、刚强的性格,好的性情、最重要的是他伟大的跳跃技术。他众多儿子中最好的是LordLandgraf ILadykiller xx对字母“L”开头的温血马的名字频繁出现负有重大责任。

 

Cor de la Bryére (1968年至2000年)深海湾色 塞拉法兰西(Selle Francais),高度166cm (Rantzau xx - Lurioso - Landau)

 

法国繁育。进口马Cor de la Bryére俗称“Corde”。很难夸大Corde对障碍马繁育的影响。技术的复杂、伸缩和平和还有弹跳立,Corde给霍士丹带来了一些育种者需要。他的后代在障碍运动中能列的出来的非常的多。此外,Corde的后代都非常易于骑乘,在慢跑中有非常好的平衡。他的儿子包括Caletto ICaletto II, Caletto III,Calypso I, Calypso II, Calypso III, Calypso IV,Corrado I,Corde StarCordalmé Z

 

今天的霍士丹马繁育者很少会掺进国外的血液,允许的升级种马的基础必须被证明有能力对基因库做出贡献。其他一些重要的霍士丹种公马包括:Almé Z, especially through his son Quidam de Revel, and Bachus Z, son of the Shagya Arabian Bajar

 

用途

 

虽然霍士丹只占欧洲马匹总数的6%,但他们在成果的障碍表演马中占有很大的比例。霍士丹作为狩猎坐骑在北美被用于猎人马术表演。有很大数量的霍士丹在国际盛装舞步赛、三项赛中出现。还有一些被用来驾驶马车。

 

2008年世界育种联合会的排名中,霍士丹血统登记排在国际障碍表演的第三位。另外,2008WBFSH排名前30种公马障碍表演秀的比赛里,霍士丹马:

#6 Caretino, #8 Libero H, #11 Cassini, #13 Calido, #17 Carthago, #18 Contender, #19 Corrado I, #20 Calvados, #28 Corland, #29 Acord II.

奥运会场地障碍奖牌获得者中,霍士丹品种的马包括:Cedric and Carlsson vom Dach (团体金牌, 北京), In Style (团体银牌, 北京), Nobless M and Cantus (团体铜牌,北京), Fein Cera (团体金牌, 雅典), Cardento and Magic Bengtsson (团体银牌, 雅典), Cöster (团体铜牌, 雅典), Cento (团体铜牌,雅典; 团体金牌,悉尼), Calvaro V (团体铜牌,悉尼), Classic Touch (个人金牌,巴塞罗那), Orchidee (团体金牌,首尔), Robin (团体金牌,慕尼黑), and Trophy (团体金牌,慕尼黑;团体银牌,蒙特利尔)

 

在北美,霍士丹通常被当作最优质的狩猎表演马。2008USEF公布的种公马排名种,霍士丹马再次占据了主导地位:#1 Cheenook, #3 Cassini I, #6 Acorado I, #9 Come Back II, #11 Acord II, #13 Coriano, #15 Carano, #16 Hemmingway, #19 Burggraaf

 

霍士丹在高级别的盛装舞步种比较少见,但确实存在,一代接一代的繁育中对跳跃能力的选择,使大多数的霍士丹马有很强大的“发动机”。


Holsteiner horse

The Holsteiner is a breed of horse originating in the Schleswig-Holstein region of northern Germany. It is thought to be the oldest of warmblood breeds, tracing back to the 13th century. Though the population is not large, Holsteiners are a dominant force of international show jumping, and are found at the top levels ofdressagecombined drivingshow hunters, and eventing.

Breed characteristics

Holsteiners are medium-framed horses averaging between 16 and 17 hands high (64 to 68 inches (163 to 173 cm)) at the withers. Approved stallions must be a minimum of 16hh and mares a minimum of 15.2hh (62 inches (157 cm)).[1][2] The type, or general appearance, exhibited by Holsteiners should be that of an athletic riding horse.[3] As a breed, Holsteiners are known for their arched, rather high-set necks and powerful hindquarters.[1][4] The heavy neck was perpetuated even in modern Holsteiners with the help of Ladykiller xx and his son, Landgraf.[5] In centuries past, Holsteiners retained the hallmark Roman nose of the Baroque horse, but today it has been replaced by a smaller head with a large, intelligent eye.[1] These conformational characteristics give most Holsteiners good balance and elegant movement.[1]


Before the onset of mechanization, these horses were used in agriculture, as coach horses and occasionally for riding. The closed stud book and careful preservation of female family lines has ensured that in an era of globalization, the horses of Holstein have a unique character.[citation needed]While the active gaits, arched neck, and attractive manner in harness of the early foundation bloodstock have been retained, the breed survived because of the willingness of its breeders to conform to changing market demands.[1] The high-headed jump and leg faults were corrected with supple, basculing jumping technique and structurally correct improvement sires.[6] The past 15 or 20 years have seen even more pronounced refinement and aesthetic appeal.[7]

The easiest way to identify a Holsteiner is by the hot brand on the left hip, which is given to foals when they are inspected for their papers and their passport.[8]Foals outside of the main registry can receive an alternate brand.[2] In most cases, the last two digits of the life number are part of the brand. Many male Holsteiners have names beginning in the letters "C" or "L" due to the dominance of male lines perpetuated by Cor de la Bryére, Cottage Son xx, and Ladykiller xx.[9] However, it should be noted that since Holsteiners from those families are used to add jumping ability to other warmblood breeding programs, non-Holstein warmbloods also often have those initials. Fillies, on the other hand, are named by year with I and J being the same year and Q and X not being used. For example, fillies born in 2008 and 1986 had names beginning in the letter "A".[9] The use of the sire's name as part of the name of his offspring is discouraged.[9]

Gaits

Holsteiners in general have round, generous, elastic strides with impulsion from the haunches and natural balance.[2] In motion, Holsteiners retain the character of their coach driving forebears, often exhibiting more articulation of the joints than is common among other warmbloods.[2] The acknowledged specialization for jumping capacity in the breed sometimes means that the quality of the walk and trot suffer, though this is not the rule.[6] The canter, which is typically light, soft, balanced and dynamic, is the best gait of the Holsteiner.[2]


Jumping

The strongest asset of the Holsteiner breed is their jumping capacity. Even the average Holsteiner will usually exhibit great power and scope, and correct technique.[3] The scope and power were inherited from the heavier old Holsteiners, but they lacked carefulness, speed, tact, adjustability, bascule and technique. Improvement sires like Ramzes AA, Cor de la Bryére and Ladykiller xx successively eliminated these flaws, making the Holsteiner breed internationally known for Olympic-caliber jumping.[10][11] Werner Schockemöhle, a leading breeder of warmblood sport horses in neighboring Oldenburg said that no breeding community in the world has a better knowledge of the show jumping horse than the breeders of Holstein.[6]

Coat colors

Similar to horse breeds in the nearby areas of Oldenburg, Groningen and Friesland, traditional Holsteiners were dark-colored and minimally-marked. This tendency has evolved into a preference for blackdark bay, and brown, though lighter shades such as chestnuts and grays are also permitted.[4] Horses with large white spots suggestive of pinto patterning or any of the traits associated with leopard-spotting are excluded from the registry. Despite the fact thatpalomino and buckskin are not acceptable colors for the Holsteiner, the Thoroughbred improvement sire, Marlon xx was himself a dark buckskin who left the registry with a number of palomino and buckskin offspring.

Temperament

There are unflappable, lazy Holsteiners and sensitive, spooky Holsteiners. Some families, like that of Capitol I, are known for an uncomplicated temperament.[11]Amateurs can find uncomplicated, cooperative, steady mounts and professionals can find bold, sensitive rides; there is no one perfect temperament. Many Holsteiners are well-balanced, strong-nerved, reliable and bold.[3] Some critics of the breed, or particular lineages within it, find that strong selection for jumping performance results in capable high-level jumpers, but at the cost of rideability.[6]

Breed history


The Holsteiner breed has been bred in the northernmost region of GermanySchleswig-Holstein, for over 700 years.[1] The windswept coastal marshes where the breed originated are characterized by rich, wet soil that could dry out and turn cement-like in a matter of hours.[12][13] Since the 1st century, these fertile marshes were said to be home to an autochthonous horse that was small and suited to the climate.[14][15]

Organized horse breeding in Holstein was first conducted in the monasteries ofUetersen.[1][13] Monks were frequently the most literate members of Middle Ages societies, and so accurate record-keeping depended on them. From the small native horses of the Haseldorf marshes, the Uetersen monks began to develop larger horses suitable for riding in times of war, and for agriculture in the demanding environment.[1][13][16]

By the 16th century, the horses of Holstein had a distinct reputation, and the breed remained in high demand until the 18th century.[13] As knightly combat gave way to the cavalry, horses used in warfare required more endurance and agility. Similar to other quality European horses of the time, the popularity ofNeapolitan and Spanish horses were reflected in the Holsteiner.[16] While not exceptionally tall, they had thick, high-set necks, animated gaits and Roman noses.King Philip II of Spain routinely purchased Holsteiners to populate his stud atCordoba.[11] Following the Protestant Reformation, the breeding of horses was no longer the responsibility of the monks, but of local officials and individual farmers.[1] As early as 1719, the state offered awards to the finest stallions bred by Holstein farmers. To qualify, the stallion had to be between 4 and 15 years old, stand at least 15.2hh and have sired at least fifteen foals in the previous season.[11] Twelve black Holsteiner stallions were purchased in for the foundation ofCelle State Stud in 1735. These horses became the foundation of the Hanoverianbreed.[11]


Nineteenth century

The 19th century brought a change to European horse breeding: compact and powerful Baroque horses were replaced by the fleet English Thoroughbred as the primary animals used to improving local horse breeds. Improvements in roads and the development of the locomotive meant that long coach rides were less often required. As a result, the emphasis fell on producing elegant, attractive carriage horses. Cleveland Bays and their Thoroughbred-infused cousins, Yorkshire Coach Horses, were imported from Britain to refine the Holsteiner, but the breed still maintained an even temperament.[1][13] The same organizational efforts that enabled the construction of railways and better roads also affected horse breeding. In the 1860s, the state-owned stud farm (Landgestüt) at Traventhal was established under the Prussian Stud Administration.[16] Traventhal, like other state studs, provided local private horse breeders with affordable access to high-quality stallions. The Duke of Augustenburg was particularly influential, importing fine Thoroughbred stallions and encouraging locals to use them. In 1885, Claus Hell Senior authored a breeding goal for the Holsteiner horse:

A refined, powerful carriage horse with strong bone structure and high, ground covering strides, which at the same time should possess all the qualities of a heavy riding horse.

The Holsteiner stud book was founded by economic advisor Georg Ahsbahs in 1891, and within five years he helped to found the Elmshorn Riding and Driving School. This establishment, which is today home to the Verband sires, was the first such school in the world.[11] Assignment of each mare family a stem number (stamm) was practiced even in the very beginning, and has allowed breeders to track the performance of female families.[1] So well-organized and well-protected were the 19th century Holsteiners that one of the Thoroughbred sires imported by the Duke of Augustenburg is represented by several modern descendants.

Twentieth century

The early 20th century brought about significant changes for the Holstein horses and their breeders. World War I and World War II resulted in increased demand for powerful horses to pull the artillery wagons. In 1926 the Federation of Horse Breeders of the Holsteiner Marshes were made to turn over their stallions to the state stud, which redistributed the sires.[11] These stallions were soon supplemented by those belonging to another regional breeders' association, as two local societies merged in 1935 to create today's Holsteiner verband.[16]

After World War II, the mare population in 1950 was near 10,000; eleven years later, this number fell by over a third.[11] In that decade, farmers had abandoned the breeding of horses, and the State Stud of Traventhal was dissolved.[11] Instead of allowing the agricultural horses to die out as a breed, the Board of Directors of the breeders' federation purchased 30 Holsteiner stallions and 3 Thoroughbreds and completely reshaped the breeding direction.[17] Former state stallions were now owned by the breeders' association, a completely unique arrangement among German warmblood breeding societies.[11] To accomplish the updating of the Holsteiner, several Thoroughbred and French stallions were imported. By 1976, most of the top Holsteiner stallions were Thoroughbred or half-Thoroughbred.[11] The new style Holsteiners were more agile, quicker, taller, and had better jumping technique.[11] These changes have been especially important over the 15 to 20 years, as riding sport has left the realm of male professionals and soldiers and become dominated by women and girls who ride as a leisure activity. To meet the needs of this new market, today's Holsteiners have been made more rideable, more beautiful, and more refined.[7]

Methods of arriving at this goal have changed, too. In the past, sires were assigned to stallion depots to bring them closer to the mares that would benefit from them. Today, most breeders use artificial insemination, and so the Verband-owned stallions reside at the central stud in Elmshorn.[11] The mares, though, have often remained with small farmers who do not derive their income solely from horse breeding.[11]

Influential sires

Warmblood breeds, including the Holsteiner, are modeled to meet the demands of the market, and are never stagnant. When agile cavalry horses were required, Baroque horses from Spain and Naples were used; when flashier coach horses were in demand, the Yorkshire Coach horse contributed its genes. FollowingWorld War II, the farm horse gave way to the leisure riding horse and sport horse. Holstein breeders have achieved their aims in the past century with the use of Thoroughbred, Anglo-Arab, and Anglo-Norman sires.[3] The mare base with which breeders were working was of heavy warmblood type. They were calm and sensible, with great depth and breadth but also with elegance, quality and active gaits suitable for coaching.[18] Holsteiners of this era lacked elasticity and athleticism for dressage, and were heavy and slow off the ground over fences. Therefore, the influences due to selection for pulling power had to be systematically eliminated.[6]

  • Ramzes AA (1937–1965) gray Anglo-Arabian, 166 cm (Rittersporn xx - Shagya X-3 - Bakszysz ox)
Bred in Poland. This homozygous gray stallion, with a Thoroughbred sire and Shagya Arabian dam, was among the three most important German sires in the early years. He was leased to the state stud of Neuendorf for the 1951, 1952, 1959 and 1960 breeding seasons. Intermittently, he was sent to Westphalia, where he founded the male line that lead to the influential dressage sire, Rubinstein. In Holstein, though, Ramzes AA produced international caliber jumpers RetinaRamona and Romanus. A full sister to RomanusVase produced fourteen foals for Holstein including the top stallions Maurus and Montreal. Most importantly for Holstein, Ramzes AA sired Raimond, the sire of Ramiro, the "Stallion of the Century".[10]
  • Anblick xx (1938–1964) dark bay or brown Thoroughbred, 161 cm (Ferro xx - Herold xx - Nuage xx)
Bred at Graditz State Stud. Anblick xx was the first post-World War II refining sire. In comparison to their dams, his offspring were lighter-boned, exceptionally good movers, game and bold over fences. Anblick xx left 14 approved sons and 49 broodmares. His best son was Aldato, maternal grandsire of Landgraf. He also sired the horses Antoinette andVenetia, who competed at the Olympics.[19]
  • Cottage Son xx (1944–1964) black or brown Thoroughbred, 164 cm (Young Lover xx - Cottage xx - Speed xx)
Bred in England. Cottage Romance represented both Great Britain and his sire, Cottage Son xx, in eventing at the 1960 Rome Olympics. The year before, Cottage Son xx had been sent to Elmshorn to cross on heavier Holsteiner mares. The State Stud of Traventhal was being dissolved, as horse breeding had stagnated. As an upgrader, Cottage Son xx produced good riding horses with willing, honest temperaments. His daughters were exceptional, producing the likes of Lord and Ramiro. He left 53 broodmares and 14 approved sons, and the best among them was Consul. However, this Thoroughbred's lasting influence is felt primarily through his great-grandson Capitol I and through female families today.[20]
  • Marlon xx (1958–1981) dark buckskin Thoroughbred, 164 cm (Tamerlane xx - Fairford xx - Knight of the Garter xx)
Bred in Ireland. Marlon xx sired horses that were structurally correct with great gaits, with tough, competitive characters and mental endurance. He was an especially good sire of Eventing horses, includingMadrigal, who at the Montreal Olympics garnered an individual bronze medal and team silver medal. His grandsire Persian Gulf xx is half-brother to Precipitation xx, the sire of Furioso xx. His son Montevideo was a member of the gold medal dressage team at the 1984 Los Angeles OlympicsMarlon xx was a very, very dark buckskin, and was known for producing palomino and buckskin offspring.[21] He left 43 States Premium mares among countless broodmares, and 21 approved sons including Dutch sire Kommandeur (formerly Manchester) and Danish model sire Martell.[22]
  • Ladykiller xx (1961–1979) bay Thoroughbred, 164 cm (Sailing Light xx - Loaningdale xx - Apron xx)
Bred in England. Ladykiller xx was powerful and masculine, striking, correct and considered very attractive, with a quality head. His type, rather open loins and high-set, crested neck, are all common features of the Holsteiner breed. As a sire, he reproduced not only his handsome looks, but gaits, strong character, kind temperament, and above all, great jumping technique. His best sons, among the many, were Lordand Landgraf ILadykiller xx is responsible for the frequency with which warmblood names begin with the letter "L".[23]
Bred in France. The importation of Cor de la Bryére, commonly "Corde", was sparked by the success of his two cousins in Oldenburg, Furioso IIand Futuro. They shared their sire, Furioso xx, with Lurioso, Corde's maternal grandsire. It is difficult to overstate Corde's influence on the breeding of jumping horses. With sophistication of technique, elasticity and bascule, and an endless spring, Corde brought to Holstein breeders exactly what they needed. His list of descendants in jumping sport is extensive. Additionally, Corde's offspring were easy to ride and kind with well-balanced canters. His sons include Caletto I, Caletto II, Caletto III, Calypso I, Calypso II, Calypso III, Calypso IV, Corrado I,Corde-Star and Cordalmé Z.[24]

Holsteiner breeders today rarely add in foreign blood, and allow upgrading stallions based on their proven ability to contribute to the genepool.[7] Other important sires for the Holsteiner breed include Almé Z, especially through his son Quidam de Revel, and Bachus Z, son of the Shagya Arabian Bajar.[11]

Uses

Although Holsteiners make up only 6% of the total European horse population, they represent a large proportion of successful show jumpers in particular. Holsteiners are also excellent show hunters and hunt seat equitation horses in North America, and there are numbers of Holsteiners on the international scene in dressage, eventing, and combined driving.

The Holsteiner studbook was ranked #3 in international show jumping by theWorld Breeding Federation for Sport Horses in 2008. Furthermore, the 2008 WBFSH rankings of top 30 sires of show jumpers were dominated by Holsteiners: #6 Caretino, #8 Libero H, #11 Cassini, #13 Calido, #17 Carthago, #18 Contender, #19 Corrado I, #20 Calvados, #28 Corland, #29 Acord II. Olympic medalists in show jumping, bearing the Holsteiner brand include Cedric and Carlsson vom Dach (team gold, Beijing), In Style (team silver, Beijing), Nobless M and Cantus (team bronze, Beijing), Fein Cera (team gold, Athens), Cardento and Magic Bengtsson (team silver, Athens), Cöster (team bronze, Athens), Cento (team bronze, Athens and team gold, Sydney), Calvaro V (team silver, Sydney), Classic Touch (individual gold, Barcelona), Orchidee (team gold, Seoul), Robin (team gold, Munich), and Trophy (team gold, Munich and team silver, Montreal).

In North America, Holsteiners are often employed as top-quality show hunters. Of the top 20 sires of hunters listed by the USEF in 2008, Holsteiners were again dominant: #1 Cheenook, #3 Cassini I, #6 Acorado I, #9 Come Back II, #11 Acord II, #13 Coriano, #15 Carano, #16 Hemmingway, #19 Burggraaf.[25] The 2008 #1 Regular Working Hunter was Cunningham, a Holsteiner.

Holsteiners that reach the upper echelons of dressage are less common, but do exist. Successive generations of selection for jumping power have given most Holsteiners a powerful "engine." The studbook was ranked #8 in international dressage by the World Breeding Federation for Sporthorses in 2008. Cheenook, mentioned above as the #1 sire of USEF Hunters in 2008, competed up to Intermediare I dressage and participated twice in the German Federal Dressage Horse Championships.[26] Holsteiners currently competing in international dressage include Liebling II (Lorentin I), Amicelli (Amigo), The Lion King B (Landos), Lanzaro (Lavall I), Samsung Cinque Cento (Cambridge), and Jamiro Rosso (Caletto). Holstein's impact on dressage is not limited to these horses. The #6 sire of international dressage horses, Flemmingh, had two Holsteiner parents: Lacapo, a Landgraf son, and Texas, a Carneval daughter. True to his ancestry, Flemmingh is known for producing knee action.[27] Also on the list of top sires of FEI dressage horses are #14 Contango, who stands in the United States, and #25 Carpaccio. Like Cheenook, Carpaccio was also sired by Caretino. Holsteiners to prove themselves at the Olympic level include both the gold medal in the individual competition at the 1976 Montreal Olympics, won by Granat. The Marlon xx son,Montevideo, was a member of the gold medal-winning dressage team in Los Angeles.

Most Holsteiners with the speed to succeed in eventing have a Thoroughbred sire. As a studbook, they are ranked #6 based on performances in international eventing. This point was highlighted in 2008 when Marius, a Holsteiner by Condrieu xx, won the individual gold medal in Beijing. Holsteiners Madrigal and Albrant have won individual bronze and team silver, and team silver, respectively. Holsteiners currently competing in FEI eventing include Sundancer (Sunset Boulevard xx), ADM. V. Schneider (Sir Shostakov xx), So Lonely (Salient xx), Master Boy (Martel xx), and Coolroy Piter (Caretino).

A small but significant number of Holsteiners continue their historical roles in harness by competing in the sport of combined driving. The 1976 World Championship in Combined Driving was won by Emil Jung and 4 Holsteiners.

References

a b c d e f g h i j k "The Holsteiner Horse: Over 700 Years of Performance". American Holsteiner Horse Association, Inc.[dead link]

  1. a b c d e "Breeding and Registration Rules" (PDF). American Holsteiner Horse Association, Inc. 2008-09-19.[dead link]
  2. a b c d "Breeding Concept". German Holsteiner Verband.
  3. a b "Description of the Holsteiner Horse". American Holsteiner Horse Association Inc.[dead link]
  4.  "Landgraf"Great Stallions. Horse Magazine.[dead link]
  5. a b c d e Hector, Christ (January 2000). "Werner Schockemöhle"Great Breeders (Victoria: The Horse). Retrieved 7 January 2011. "For example in Oldenburg and Holstein they produced very heavy coach horses and for working on the farm. These horses were often over at the knee"
  6. a b c Chris Hector. "Journey Through Holstein, Part 2". Horse Magazine.[dead link]
  7.  Holsteiner Verband (2007-01-26). "Verband Proposal" (PDF). American Holsteiner Horse Association.[dead link]
  8. a b c "Naming of Foals". American Holsteiner Horse Association, Inc.[dead link]
  9. a b "Ramzes X"Stallions of the Century. Bernd Eylers.[dead link]
  10. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Chris Hector. "Journey Through Holstein, Part 3". Horse Magazine.[dead link]
  11.  Chris Hector. "Journey Through Holstein". Horse Magazine.[dead link]
  12. a b c d e "Holsteiner". The Equinest.
  13.  "About Us". Holsteiner Horse Association Australia Ltd.
  14.  D ADIS "2009". Domestic Animal Diversity Information System (DADIS), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. [1][dead link]
  15. a b c d "Holstein". Equiworld.
  16.  von Thun-Hohenstein, Romdeio Graf. The Holsteiner Horse. "Instead of simply giving up and allowing the breed to wither away as a victim of economic development, the dynamic Board of Directors decided to totally reshape the horse which had been entrusted to them. The work clothes and habits of the hard working rural labourer were to be traded in for the custom tailored suits and elegant manners of the international athlete. This all had to be accomplished without relinquishing indispensable physical and mental strength and natural talent of the robust country boy"[dead link]
  17.  von Thun-Hohenstein, Romdeio Graf. The Holsteiner Horse. "Let it be said that Ethelbert 1197, particularly through his grandsons, had a lasting effect on the modelling of the Holsteiner. They gave the Holsteiner elegance and sparkle, and they brilliantly succeeded in demonstrating the synthesis of the central breeding goal: substance combined with quality"[dead link]
  18.  "Anblick".
  19.  "Cottage Son xx"Stallions of the Century. Bernd Eylers.[dead link]
  20.  "Marlon xx"Stallions of the Century. Bernd Eylers.[dead link]
  21.  Beth Colle (Fall 2002). "Where Did the M-Line Come From?" (PDF). Impulsion (American Holsteiner Horse Association, Inc).[dead link]
  22.  "Ladykiller xx"Stallions of the Century. Bernd Eylers.[dead link]
  23.  "Cor de la Bryère"Great Stallions. Horse Magazine.[dead link]
  24.  [2] 2008 USEF Leading Hunter Sires
  25.  "Cheenook". Retrieved 2009-01-19.[dead link]
  26.  "Flemmingh". Retrieved 2009-01-19.[dead link]


关键词:霍士丹马 Holsteiner 
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